Since the reform and opening-up policies were established in late 1970s, an "economy-first" development has been adopted as a national policy. This policy and the succeeding measures have triggered a comprehensive urban development nationwide. Meanwhile, with the introduction of housing and land reform, the opening up of Chinese cities to foreign investment, and the declining role of state enterprises in urban economy, the state and centrally-planned economy have less significant role in influencing urban development in the traditional ways. Therefore, the Chinese government has been making effort to establish a new market-oriented urban planning and management system, which aims to change the conventional or blue-print urban planning and management system to a more flexible one. This system is expected to allow the spontaneous development with strategic management, and emphasize more on the process rather than an ultimate picture of result. The influence of the government to urban land use issues has become more indirect. However, the rapid and large-scale urban growth, directed by the slacker government management, has resulted in many serious social and environmental problems, such as the massive loss of cultivated land, serious social antagonism and severe environmental damage.

In 1990s, the central government of China started to make great efforts to diminish the negative impact of urbanization and manage urban growth in a more sustainable and smart way. At the same time, in Beijing Municipality, many measures were adopted to strengthen government's power in order to improve the urban management and to meet the new needs for managing environmental issues. All these efforts and measures are expected to be consistent with the new market-oriented urban planning and management system. Therefore, the term "growth management" has been introduced and applied in the Chinese context to address the problems that arose from the shrunken and poor management before 1990s, as well as the new requirements of managing new issues since 1990s. This research defines the "growth management" in China as the regulation of the amount, timing (sequence), location, and character of development, due to the growth of the need for better management of the existing resources and the awareness of environmental protection and food security. The comprehensive reinforcement of the government's power in urban management is the most significant character of the growth management in China.

Due to the neglect of the fragmentation of the urban growth management objectives of the central government at the national level and the lack of empirical study on urban growth management at the local level, traditional studies are limited in explaining the implementation of urban growth management strategies at both national and local level. Moreover, although growth management focuses more on the process of management rather than a fixed blueprint, little effort has been made to develop correlative indicators to make the quantitative description and assessment. The limited database, including the inadequate and inconsistent data from different sources, seems to be one of the largest obstacles for the assessment of growth management implementations.

This research discusses the strategies of growth management of both national government and Beijing municipal government in addressing the problems occurred when the governments' power shrunk due to the transition of the planned system to a market-oriented system. Then, it examines the growth management implementation through the two basic indicators: urbanized area density and open space consumption per new resident with a careful analysis and comparison of the updated data.

At the national level, this dissertation analyzes the growth management strategies and their correspondent implementations different policies. Particularly, the strategy of preserving cultivated land and the traditional strategy of facilitating industrialization and economic development are compared and discussed. Consequently, the combined effects of the two strategies are examined by establishing a linkage between existing policies and growth management effort. At the local level, in addition to the examination of the effects of amount management assessed by the urbanized land area density and open space consumption with more detailed and reliable data from the CMPs (City Master Plans), the location management of the CMP boundaries, UGBs and green belts at the central city and the management of the sequence and characters of local sites are discussed to evaluate the growth tools and explain the growth pattern.

The examination of the amount control at the national level suggests that notwithstanding ambitious objectives at both national and local level, the consolidation of the governments' power and strong effort of growth management did not lead to a more impact urban development and the preservation of open space. The urbanized land area density at the national level has been increasing if measured by urban districts, settlement/ind/mining land, and construction land; while decreased if measured by the urban built-up area. It proves the limited success of the growth management measures in promoting a compact development.

The result of the examination of urbanized land area change and open space consumption in Beijing Municipality confirms a continuous increase of the urbanized land area density, and at the same time, a more rapid loss of all types of open space in Beijing Municipality. It also shows that the LUMP and CMPs have become more ambitious. Although the open space consumption and urbanized land are density change did not go beyond the control of the 1993 CMP and the 1997 LUMP, they seem never able to meet the new requirement that has been established in the 2004 CMP. The limited achievements, if measured by the new planning standard, would be a frustration rather than a success.

The examination of the location management of urban containment tools in the central city of Beijing, including CMP boundaries, UCBs, and green belts, also confirmed that the control was much slacker than it was planned to be, in spite of some achievement in preventing the spontaneous construction outside the CMP boundaries and UCBs, as well as the urban development inside the green belts. The examination of the CMP boundaries and UCBs clearly shows that construction has occurred immediately outside CMP boundaries and the planned urban construction area. This was particularly evident for the 1993 CMP. It proves the limitation of the boundaries in controlling the location of urban growth. A detailed examination of the composition of the actual green space suggests that the increase of reported green space was at the expense of large decease of farmland and water area. As some of the farmland and water area has been converted to forests and gardens, a large proportion of the area has also been converted for construction. This also suggests the limitation of the green belt in preserving the open space and control the construction inside it.

The examination of the two urban fringe clusters shows that the urban development in the urban fringe areas of the central cities has been directed as well planned, high-density and non-automobile dependent characters. Different with the results concluded from the CMP data, the results of examination through RDP data suggest a higher density and less open space consumption of the two urban fringe clusters. The decrease of the population density in urban fringe areas was mainly due to the loose way of calculating existing urban built-up areas and the corresponding population. In addition, the land development in the already built areas was characterized by the high proportion of both profitable land use (residential, commercial) and non-profitable land use (road, street, square and municipal utilities), as well as the low proportion of green space. This proves the limited efforts of municipal government in managing the sequence of growth. Meanwhile, the figures of the existing and planned area in both Jiuxianqiao and Qinghe urban fringe clusters suggest an intention to increase the urban development density in the 2005 RDP. The examination of the built-up area shows that the land use density in the built-up area has been developed even higher.

This dissertation confirms that the urban growth management at both national and local level is a limited success in preserving open space and promoting impact urban development. It suggests that a consolidation of governments' power did lead to some improvement; however, it did not result in better achievements according to its objectives.

本論文は中国における都市成長管理政策に関して、郊外部の住宅地形成と農地の減少防止策とに着目して、その実施戦略を歴史的に明らかにし、その評価を試みたものである。特に、北京市を事例として採り上げ、詳細な統計データをもとに検討を加えた初の論文である。

論文は研究の枠組みを述べた第1章から第3章と具体的な政策を検討を行う第4章から第7章、そして結論を述べる第8章から成っている。巻末に具体的な資料および参考文献を掲載している。

第1章は、序説であり、中国の都市化の現状を述べている。特に1990年代後半から都市人口の比率が急速に上昇し始め、これらの人口をどのように都市に収容していくかが中国における都市問題の最大の問題点であることを示している。

第2章は、文献研究であり、都市の成長管理政策の歴史とその手法について、米国を中心とした施策をまとめている。そしてこうした諸施策が中国を対象とするには不十分な点が少なくないことを論じ、本研究の意義を明らかにしている。

第3章は、研究の手法を論じた章である。中国における全国レベルでの土地利用基本計画と都市レベルでの都市基本計画、中心地区における基本計画のそれぞれにおいて、耕作地や非耕作地、緑地、既成市街地などの概念の異同を詳細に明らかにし、本研究における成長管理政策の定義を明確に示している。そのうえで、研究上の仮説として、(1)中国の成長管理政策は都市計画の枠組みとして一貫性に欠けている、(2)政策意図とその実施状況との間に無視できない隔離があるという2点を挙げ、これを明らかにするとともに、そうした状況を克服するための施策提言をおこなうことを研究の目的とするとしている。

第4章は、中国における成長管理政策を実施するにあたっての行政的および法的枠組みとその変遷の歴史を概括的に明らかにしている。中国においては、中央集権的な成長管理施策が実施されてきたこと、都市成長管理施策の主導権が都市計画部門から都市建設部門へと次第に移行している状況があると同時に、多部門間の相互調整に問題が残されていることを明らかにしている。

第5章は、国レベルでの成長管理施策を詳細に検討している。特に全国土地利用基本計画における農用地、建設用地、公有水面、未利用地などの地目の変化に着目し、計画理念の変遷、統計数値の信憑性などの点を細かく検証している。国家レベルで市場経済を導入している政策とは裏腹に土地利用政策においては、少なくとも政策立案上は国家的観点から開発総量を規定することに主眼が置かれており、その空間的は位置や空地の戦略的な意義に関しての留意が不足していることを明らかにしている。また、中央政府と地方政府との間の相反する利害や政府の組織間の同様の問題が成長管理施策の実施面において問題となっている状況を明らかにしている。

第6章は、北京市を題材に、都市の成長管理施策の地方政府的な展開を明らかにしている。北京市全域ならびに都心部に関して、成長管理に関係する組織と計画に関して、詳細な検討を評価を加えている。また、1984年・1991年・2005年の3時点のランドサットデータをもとに、成長管理施策の効果に関して実証的に論じている。その結果、成長限界線として規定された線引きの隣接地において計画上不適切な市街化が大規模に進行している事実が明らかになった。また、緑地に関しても統計上の数値とランドサットによって観察される範囲での実情との間に乖離が存在することも明らかになった。

また、こうした事実を実地で検証するために、北京市の都市化のフリンジに位置する2つの住宅市街地開発に関して計画案と実施状況について現地調査を実施し、上記の事実が正しいことを裏付けている。

第7章は、これまでの事実と統計データをもとに、農用地、耕作地、非建設用地等の項目相互間のデータの相関を検討することから、都市開発の相対的な傾向を明らかにしている。

第8章は、結論として上記の発見を系統的にまとめている。

以上、本論文は中国における成長管理施策に関してその実情と統計・計画上の問題点を具体的な事実をもとに初めて明らかにした労作であり、今後の都市の成長管理政策立案上も有用な示唆に富んだ論文であり、その学術上・実際上の価値は高いといえる。

よって本論文は博士(工学)の学位申請論文として合格と認められる。