Housing reconstruction disparity as well as reconstruction disadvantage have long been an unavoidable and thorny issue, usually held tightly associated with socio-economically disadvantaged groups. While with no significant social gap, Taiwan still cannot survive such positions after the 921 Earthquake, which can hardly be interpreted by existing prevailing theories that attribute the reconstruction disadvantage on the existence of social inequality or typical socio-economic venerable groups.

In view of the fact that post-disaster housing reconstruction is a kind of construction effort under disaster impact, a study on reconstruction disparity should take into account the effect of practical obstacle, disaster impact as well as external assistance besides socio-economy during reconstruction. Hence, the generation mechanism of reconstruction disparity is explored in the 4 approaches of aid policy, objective factor of reconstruction, subjective factor of individual, and community's collective performance, it is tested in chapters and summarized as follows :

1. Effect and Limit of Reconstruction Policy

In Chapter 4, the issue of policy delivery insufficiency is found by analysis of the process of policy amendment and budget performance. Firstly, limitation of government organization is prone to generate temporal and spatial barriers to local affected households as well as delay of policy amendment, and in turn lead to reconstruction disadvantage. Secondly, government exhibits low accessibility to private property problems of condominium reconstruction and deliverability of consultancy or guidance for disadvantaged households due to his limited authority power.

2. Influence of Reconstruction Resource, Obstacle, and External Assistance on Housing Reconstruction Disparity

Chapter 5 verifies the hypothesis that housing reconstruction results from the interplay of the 3 dimensions of reconstruction resource, obstacle, and external assistance based on the study framework.

Unexpectedly, as for household resource, it is found that the effect of family income on reconstruction disparity is not significant, but those of education, family size, and occupation are. Education holds significant, positive effect on the superior reconstruction by virtue of loan application, family size does it on the general reconstruction through self-led rebuild, whereas the occupation category of the retired and without regular job reveals greatest impact on reconstruction disadvantage. Those factors demonstrated differing roles and characteristics of household resource on housing reconstruction in Taiwan.

Reconstruction disparity is also affected by reconstruction obstacles, that is, by ownership or operationaI problems associated with different building styles prior to the disaster. Traditional courtyard housing could intensify the tendency of inferior reconstruction results, whereas condominium or apartment exerts positive impact on the general reconstruction results.

Regarding external aid, although reconstruction loan is proved having a positive effect to enhance reconstruction quality, the loan application rate of totally-collapsed households is only 40.90%, therefore low loan desire and excessively counting on self-reliant reconstruction is another major reason for disadvantaged reconstruction where few housing loan experiences before disaster, debt inconsistent with traditional value and low trust in government all work to reduce willingness to borrow loan.

Applying the above findings, it comes to light by simulating amendment strategies of economic aid that providing corresponding amount of small grants to encourage loan application can effectively reduce the proportion of household in disadvantaged reconstruction, meanwhile achieve the lowest of governmental expenditure.

3. Discrepancy between Resource Possession and Utilization---moderating effect of Disaster Impact and Effect of Inherent Value

From the subjective aspect, the study argues that resource possession and utilization are considered different. Therefore, reconstruction disparity is not only an issue of capacity, but also of ability and attitude. What's more, post-disaster housing reconstruction is a kind of consumer behavior under disaster impact. Consequently Chapter 6 examines the effect of disaster impact and inherent value on individual reconstruction disparity focusing on differences of resource utilization.

A. Moderating Effect of Disaster Impact

Moderating effect of disaster impact was verified by HRM analysis, that "subjective perception of ownership coordination difficulty" and "Time pressure and loan qualification barrier" among disaster impacts do change resource investment behavior, making some high-income households, despite the same income with others, spend more willingly, and on the contrary some low-income more reluctant, which then expand or constrain the effect of existing resources and further exacerbate reconstruction disparity. In result, discrepancy between resource possession and utilization can lead to reconstruction disparity and exacerbate disadvantaged reconstruction of low-income affected households.

B. Effect of Inherent Value

In spite of more than half houses of Group V (reconstruction of disadvantaged level) rebuilt in steel-plate houses and substandard, most of the owners feel satisfied with their reconstruction results and prefer maintaining the original reconstruction mode upon the re-choice question in questionnaire survey. Thus the ratio of "subjective evaluation of reconstruction satisfaction" to "objective reconstruction quality (reconstruction expenditure)" (variable code as SAT-0Q) is introduced as an indicator to measure different inherent values of each group on residential quality. It turns out that variable SAT-0Q takes the place of "education level" becoming a significant variable, and the larger its value, the more tendency of disadvantaged reconstruction. Thus inherent value on residential quality of affected household is affirmed having potential influence on reconstruction decision making and also drives reconstruction disadvantage.

4. Effect of Collective Community Resource and Intermediary Groups on Collective Reconstruction Disparity

Since reconstruction of condominium unit involves complicated ownership issues, government with limited power can hardly make any intervention about it, and its little profit discourages developers from stepping in. Therefore, self-led reconstruction by residents will continue to be the major effort in the future.

The 25 failed and 16 success study cases of condominium community reconstruction in Taichung County and Taichung City indicate that reconstruction problems stem primarily from interest and ownership disputes induced by mixed land use, shared ownership and basement co-structure. Reasons of reconstruction failures are concentrated in insufficiency of community's collective resource, ranging from tenuous consensus, loose community organization, low public participation, to indifference or incompetence of reconstruction leaderships. But unexpectedly, down payment affordability of individual households comes less serious.

On the other hand, success experience of community reconstruction asserts underlying grass-roots strength emerging in Taiwan 921 reconstruction, with most of the leaders from blue-collars, the middle-level-educated or women, adept at dispelling resident's anxiety about decision-making by skilled communications and pros-and-cons analyses of whether to rebuild as well as building mutual trust of community by information transparency and fairness, which are the key strategies to well proceed with reconstruction works. Under their leadership, public participation is built up and community cohesion is maintained by reconstruction websites, volunteers, child and adult classroom etc., witnessing the capability of a community to learn, do, and innovate, a new paradigm of community development in Taiwan.

The "921 Earthquake Relief Foundation", a NGO established by disaster donation,fills the gap that government cannot directly intervene in private property, implements "Blessing Program" to buy out the ownerships not participating reconstruction, supply interest-free construction fund, supervise construction works, and provide executive and technical guidance to improve community's operation capacity. "Blessing Program( 臨門方案 )" not only provide practical assistance, also exert the accompany function to uplift reconstruction confidence going throughout reconstruction process.

As a result, compared to individual reconstruction, collective reconstructions rely more on community's collective resources and external aids. It is likely to empower communities soon so as to remove the strains of individual households' socio-economy and prevent reconstruction disadvantage if intermediary groups are available to help transmit information, coordinate, instruct shortly after and throughout disaster.

In brief, it can be found from Taiwan's experiences that households of disadvantaged reconstruction are not socio-economically the typical and such disadvantage goes subject not only to their socio-economic resources but also affected by reconstruction obstacles, individual's willingness, disaster impact and inherent values.

Hence, housing reconstruction assistance policy must go beyond traditional strategy of simply providing economy subsidy and regulation relaxation, and should be improved in 3 approaches: (A). such measures as corresponding amount of grant should be offered to encourage affected household applying for loan so as to prevent reconstruction disadvantage caused by excessively self-reliant reconstruction; (B). Publicity or lecture should be given assisting affected households to make proper decision about reconstruction and prevent reconstruction disadvantage induced by value bias or resource misuse; (C). To households of condominium community and would-be reconstruction disadvantaged households, intermediary groups should be introduced to empower them making up the deficiency of consultancy and guidance in government system.

本論文は台湾の集集地震(1999)の復興において政府により提供された住宅復興への低金利融資制度が実際の住宅復興に果たした効果を分析したものである。論文は8章から構成されている。

第1章は前段の部分であり、集集地震の状況と震災後の住宅再建の状況の説明がなされ、その中で、この低金利政策が利用者に平等に利用されていないこと、再建が様々な形態をとり、再建後の建築物の質に格差を生じたことを明確にし、研究の目的としている。

第2章は文献調査であり、住宅再建にかかわる論文のレヴュー、復興時における格差を社会経済的な文献を調べ、CDR(Conservation of resource)理論に基づき、復興時の行動は個人の有している社会経済的資源に依存していることを本論文の前提としている。

第3章は研究の枠組みについて論じている。概念的な整理として、外部の援助に対し、個人と地域のもつ資源に従い障害を生じながら行動を起こし、結果として差異を生ずるとした。特に再建時における資源を個人と地域に分け地域との人間関係をも視野にいれている。また、分析にさいしてのデータとして、文書と政府や行政へのインタビュー、個人へアンケート、地域関係者へのインタビューを行い収集することにしている。

第4章は住宅再建の低金利政策の効果と限界を実際のデータ分析により明らかにしたものである。1つは住民の持つ社会経済的属性と住宅状況の関係、被害程度との関係を明確にした。第2に国及び金融機関のもつ問題点と改善点を明確にしている。第3に上記の結果にもとづき、融資による住宅再建策の評価を行っている。第5章は本論文の中心となる外部支援と再建資源の関係を通しての再建結果の格差を分析したものである。先ずは、外部支援と再建資源の関係をMNL(Multinominal Logit Model)を使用し要素間の定量分析を行っている。ケーススタディーとして台北市、石岡郷を取り上げ分析を行った。基本的分析の後、低金利融資の申請への意思決定の格差について分析を行っている。その結果、当初予期していた家族収入がおおきな影響を与えておず、家族人数、仕事の種類、学歴などが有意であった。復興の格差も建物所有関係や融資の斡旋プロセスが大きく関係しており、非都市部では良質な建物への再建は進まず、低質な住宅再建が進行したことが明確にされている。当初、再建を健全に促す効果が期待された低金利融資策は地震前の負債などにより思ったほどの効果を挙げていないことも明らかにされた。

第6章はより詳細に再建時の再建行動をアンケート調査と詳細な聞き取り調査により、個人レベルでの分析を行っている。この結果、再建時の土地所有関係の調整の面倒さ、復興までの時間が大きな要因であることが明確になった。低金利政策への消極的な対応は個人の主観的判断が大きく影響し、高学歴になるほど積極的に応募した。また地方においては融資は借金であり、地域の評判を悪くしたことも明らかになった。この結果、再建融資への差異は家計の客観的社会経済的資源で決定されるのではなく、伝統的地域の価値観や時間など心理的要素が大きく関係していることが明確にされた。

第7章は集合住宅の再建における格差を扱っている。インタビュー調査の結果、住民の合意形成が最も重要な要素であることが分かった。次に再建過程における専門的の参加が住民に合意への大きな力になった。再建への膨大な必要資金が外部からの調達如何により大きく結果を左右した。再建はプロセスであり、関わる人の人間関係が重要であり行政、専門家、NPOを含め連携が必須であることが分かった。以上の概要を基に、住民の合意、指導者の有無、外部資金の程度、支援団体の役割をもとに基本データの分析と現地調査をもとに分析を行っている。

第8章はまとめである。融資への応募に関係する要因は、客観的社会経済要因、主観的要地域の価値観などの主観的要因が大きく台湾の復興には影響していることが分かった。また、震災前の負債の有無なども影響があることが明確にされた。集合住宅においては個人の復興ではなく地域としての復興として合意することが最も重要であることが分かった。

この成果をもとに、今後の台湾政府の復興対策として、通常の経済対策として融資制度を実行するのではなく、融資と補助金の連動が必要であり、教育による公的支援に対する偏見を除くことが重要であるとしている。

よって本論文は博士(工学)の学位請求論文として合格と認められる。