Purpose of Thesis

The purpose of this research is to clarify the valuable industrial heritages remained in Open port city, Old Jemulpo of Incheon in the perspective of finding out collective industrial heritages which have been formed in the network with relevant facilities in the relation with citizen movement and valuable historical settings. To find out the historical meaning and social value of Junggu and Donggu's industrial heritages, actual assessment based on residents' opinion was very critical as industrial heritages have been scattered and mixed with citizen life. The notion of 'Integrated historical Setting' can give the specific viewpoint to consider the industrial heritages in organic connection between industrial heritage, relevant facilities and laborers' life. This approach shows possible way of finding applicable method of conservation specialized for industrial heritages of open port cities in excavating the valuable industrial routes and historic districts which can be adaptable for future conservation plan of Incheon.

Background

Many Industrial Heritages are located in the old trading area especially in treaty port city. After opening port, treaty port cities have been transformed by adjusting themselves over a century and generated their identical culture and organic urban structures. Changes of Industry gave a remarkable influence on restructuring urban structures surrounding industrial heritages and have built identical Spatial Integration of historical settings surrounding industrial heritages. Storages and Factories of Industrial districts which were built in modernization period, started to be reduced in cities as corporations moved their manufactures to developing countries or rural area of countries with cheaper labor. As a result, many industrial heritages, which didn't get proper assessment and evaluation from the view point of utilization in the aspect of integration with urban resources, have been easily demolished and damaged by owners. Industrial Heritages are facing the reforming moment to adapt themselves following urban needs and it is necessary to find the way to utilize them considering Integration between industrial heritages and urban resources.

Industrialization has three different meaning which can be differentiated from general meaning of modernization. Firstly, Industrialization uses their own materials and urban resources which can be strong points compared to other countries and show the new technology to use the existing materials and urban resources. Secondly, Industrialization has been controlled by technology and economical situations. So, in the place of industrialization, there were strong conflicts causing from up-down relationship between laborers and owners. As another point, Industrialization has been involved with the citizen life deeply, especially working class. Concerning cultural modernization and industrial modernization are the inevitable two faces of procedure of open port's modernization, it should be carefully considered to decide and designate the historic district being able to show the identical life of laborers and citizen. Many of Asian cities have been colonized in the modernization period and they have established their own ways of industrialization and modernization. Among the open port cities of East Asian countries, Incheon shows the extreme case of having conflicts between foreign settlement and historic residential district. Most of registered heritages could be found in the old foreign settlement area and cultural historic district was designated recently. In the other hand, old residential district of dong-gu area meets the situation of being disappeared with the redevelopment project initiated by Incheon metropolitan government. These unbalanced approaches to urban conservation have generated citizen movement historically and resistant movement against current redevelopment plans.

Specialty of this research

The investigation on Jung-gu's cultural properties has been done by many previous and reports from Inchoen metropolitan city and Incheon development Institute. In the mean time, the researches on donggu area are hardly found and it is difficult to recognize the historic meaning of laborers life in the connection with Junggu area's foreigners' life. Basically, previous researches focused on investigation of single buildings without consideration on the identical features of industrial heritages having organic connection with other urban resources and citizen movement. As the identical way of defining the industrial heritages' features, we suggested the conservation planning method to set up the 'Integrated historical Setting' finding out organic connection between industrial heritage and urban resources in the perspective of citizen movement. "Integrated conservation" is the notion which has been suggested by the Convention from Council of Europe for strategy of conservation for cultural properties in the network with local resources such as nature environment, infrastructures and local resources as well as historical resources. In the thesis, the meaning of "Integrated historical setting" is the historical approach on industrial heritages as the collective forms having the organic relativity with other urban resources and citizen. Especially these integrated historical settings of industrial heritage have been showing the laborer's life and involvement of citizen movement.

Methodology of this research

The methodology of this research can be divided into following four ways. The first way is the actual assessment on industrial heritages remained Incheon's Jung-gu and Dong-gu District based on historical data, reports from government and museum, collecting archives from historical data office, and newspaper information from Daejoongilbo, Donga Ilbo, Seoul Newspaper which has been published in Incheon. The second way is Mapping the historical transformation of Incheon City from historical maps from Inchoen Museums. In order to find the historical value of districts of Incheon, this research investigated the historical records and implemented the chronological mapping investigation using historical maps of every 10 years(from 1980s to 1950s)which were offered from Incheon metropolitan Museum. The third way was to participate on the Field Study Group of Incheon Museum. Incheon Metoropolitan Museum is offering the field study meeting to professional tour guides and have regular field trip to visit the historic districts and investigate historical data on the information of that cultural properties. Finally, the other way was Interviews with long term residents to check the actual location of historic records and the meaning of the cultural properties for residents.

Structures of this research

Chapter2, 3 's contents are the preliminary research before going to analyze the main body of Inchoen's industrial heritage. They are largely divided into the current situation of conservation management of industrial heritage and the examples of foreign examples including reuse of industrial heritages in asian opening port cities.

In chapter 2, in order to understand the current situation of industrial heritages in open port cities, the issues of urban disjunction caused between foreign settlement area and residential area are dealt importantly. As one of solution to find out the way of urban conservation in balanced way, we investigated the previous international meeting and committee of UNESCO and ICOMOS. And we found that the conservation concept has been transformed from the single conservation to integrated conservation in the perspective of consideration of environment, social and cultural context. This integrated conservation is the starting point of the notion, integrated historical setting, which is main viewpoint of this thesis looking at industrial heritages.

In chapter 3, we implemented Comparative research on East Asian open port cities of China, Japan and Korea. This could show the shared issues of how industrial heritages have been organically connected to urban resources as well as differences features of what kinds of factors are showing their own local identity in open port cities. Here, as for similar features, Industrial heritages located in the convenient junction of infrastructures(railroads, streets ) and Cultural and entertainment facilities are found in the junction area between foreign settlement and residential area. Especially, collective forms of Industrial Heritages could show the identical procedure of Modernization in the link with Industrial Heritages, infrastructures, residential Area, social involvement for utilization. In the other hand, we could understand that differences of treaty could have affected on the generation of disjunction between foreign settlement and residential area. In particular, Korean's Foreign Settlement area and Local residential Area have been developed in unbalanced way.

In chapter4, we try to find what kinds of factors were involved to establish this urban disconnection and social conflicts focusing on industrial development which were generated over times. We investigated the transformation of development of heritage conservation in Korea and the recent policies which are mainly government initiative conservation projects focusing on the reuse of industrial heritages in Incheon. We could understand current problems on unbalanced conservation policy between Junggu and Donggu with excessive approach on district designation and lack of assessment on the relativity between existing Industrial Heritages conservation and citizen movement focused on scattered single buildings.

Chapter 5 is about the urban planning and historical mapping we have analyzed the industrial transformation from historical maps from opening port to 1950s.(1895,1905,1915,1926,1930,1950, Maps from Incheon Metropolitan Museum). From this mapping analysis, we could realized the expansion of Incheon city have strong relationship with the changes of industry and facilities to support industry. Also, we found out the Relativity between Industrial Process of Modernization and Chronological Citizen Movement have generated Integrated Historical Setting toward town making. The chronological procedure of citizen movement related to industrial heritages were found like this ; 1) Motivation (From Placeless to Public), 2)Functional(From Individual to Union), 3)Improvement (From Social Issues to Local Issues), 4)Conservation(From local welfare to Conservation Movement), 5)Utilization- Toward Town Making. In particular, utilization procedure was found following 5 steps; 1) Basic conditions for Life - Medical, Hygine, 2) Environmental Conservation, 3) Life quality, 4) Citizen Culture for diversity, 5) conservation of Historic Context

Chapter6 shows current Conflicts on conservation policy for cultural properties and the reuse of industrial heritage in Junggu and Donggu. There are new policies to show the effort to deal with industrial hertiages in the perspective to utilize them as cultural use in Junggu called Artplatform. However, the problems we found from current projects were excessive dependence on district designation which caused the disjunction between Junggu and Donggu distirct. From the investigation on the active citizen involvement on donggu area, we could ensure that Industrial Heritage can offer Socio-Cultural Buffering Zone between Old city center and Modernized District/ Past and Future's Needs/ Political Power and Citizen Involvement Platform. Reuse of Industrial heritages gave the chance to promote the citizen involvement integrated with artists and experts for future needs in the balance between Junggu and Donggu.

And chapter 7 offered the new perspective to find the connective routes with investigating integrated historical setting surrounding industrial heritages especially by the primary industry of Incheon. From here, we could suggest the connective routes between Junggu and Dongg area solving the probrom of local disjunction by finding out the relativity between industrial heriatges and surrounding environment and the background supporting to certain industry. 6 different types of Integrated historical settings based on representative industries of opening port period of Incheon as followings; 1)Rice industry-Integrated historical Setting to show full set of Industrial Process of rice industry with laborers movement at that times. 2)Fishing industry -Integrated historical Setting to show the treaty port landscape showing fishers and laborers life 3) Ice industry- Integarted Historical Setting to show the cultural junction of modernization. 4) Brown Sauce industry- Integrated Historical Setting to show functional complex of commercial and entertainment 5)Brewing industry- Integrated Historical Setting to show the modern citizen life with chronological citizen movement. 6)Trading Industry- Integrated Historical Setting to show the foreign settlement and Trading industry .

Result of this research

As final academic results, we could find the identical meaning of industrial heritages in Inchoen and the method of urban conservation with utilization of industrial heritages by finding out the integrated historical setting in open port city. We could suggested the industrial heritage lists, the valuable historical spots of industrial heritages of Junggu and Donggu, and the evaluation factors which can be useful as the basic data for further designation or registration of industrial heritage. These integrated historical settings of industrial heritage have been especially transformed in the relativity of industrial procedures, organic growth of related facilities, human activities, and the utilization of industrial heritages. And Industrial Heritages has transformed from the working place to integrated historical settings having organic connection with citizen activities showing identity of local context with 4 stages: 1) Transformation of Urban structures by Attached facilities 2) Changes of Industry causing decline of old CBD 3) Changes of human life 4) Utilization of industrial heritages toward town planning. The notion of 'Integrated Historical Setting' can give the specific viewpoint to consider the industrial heritages in organic connections among industrial heritages, relevant facilities and laborers' lives in the perspective of chronological industrial procedure and mechanism. Integrated Historical Settings of Industrial heritages have been generated with chronological citizen movement in the relativity between industrial heritages and other related facilities in Incheon. And the utilization of industrial heritages became the motivation to promote the citizen involvement. Chronological Conflicts between Power of Authority and Chronological Citizen movement and the cultural integration with changes of environment became the reason of effort to generate Integrated Historical Setting surrounding industrial heritages toward town-making. Specifically, features of Industrial heritages could be summarized as transformation of Industry, Decentrality, Connectivity, Vulnerability, Collectivity, Labour-Intensitve. And the features of Industrial heritages specialized in Open port cities could be found as Subjectivity, Duality, Chronological Conflicts of Powers, Mobility, Industrial Landscape, Diversity of culture. Based on these features, utilization of Industrial Heritage could offer the key to buffer the contradiction between Conservation and Redevelopment with inclusive participation of various urban actors.

本論文は、韓国における開港都市を対象に、産業遺産の再活用を通じた都市保全のあり方と、連係的な歴史的な都市景観の保全再生の手法を空きからにすることを目的としている。対象として韓国最初の開港都市の一つである仁川をとりあげ、とくに都心区である中区と周辺区である東区における産業遺産の発見、活用プロセスの相違に着目して統合的な都市保全の方法論を明らかにすることを目的としている。開港都市は、各種産業がいち早く立地し、多様な遺産を保有しているため、産業遺産の研究に最適である。

論文は、8つの章から成っている。

第1章では、研究の目的・方法を明らかにするとともに、本論文で用いる主要概念の定義をおこない、本論文の構成を示している。

第2章は、韓国の開港都市における産業遺産の現況一般を論じる章である。韓国における開港の歴史を振り返り、開港都市における産業集積の状況を示し、そこにおける統合的な産業遺産保全の重要性を論じている。

第3章は、日本、中国、韓国の開港都市の歴史を相互に比較し、産業遺産が複数存在しつつ、相互に関連している状態を明らかにし、その統合的な保全の課題を明らかにしている。

第4章は、韓国の全体の状況および仁川の状況を論じている。韓国の文化財保護の歴史を示し、その中における産業遺産保全の制度化の遅れを指摘し、2000年以降の新しい動きを詳細に紹介している。これらの事情を背景として、仁川の産業遺産保全の現況と課題を明らかにしている。

第5章は、仁川の都市発展の歴史とその中における仁川港の位置づけ、仁川史における文化財保護政策の動向とその中における産業遺産保全の位置づけ、現在の仁川市における保全と開発の相克の現状を明らかにしている。

第6章は、仁川の開港都市部分の中でも主要な位置を占める中区とそれに隣接する東区の保全施策の相違について詳細な現地調査をもとに明らかにすると共に、中区における政府主導の産業遺産保全の施策と東区における住民主導の産業遺産および生活遺産保全の活動の対照的な性格を論じている。特に、開港都市の産業遺産の場合、労働運動や生活改善運動などの争議および花街などの社会問題が輻輳しており、産業遺産単独での保全は他の社会的側面の無意識的な切り捨てにつながるという問題を抱えるという点について詳細に明らかにしている。

第7章は、第6章で明らかにした問題点に対処するためには、産業遺産に偏らない全地域的な遺産の洗い出しとその評価に基づく統合的な地域全体の保全施策を立案すべきであるという点を明らかにし、そのもとで統合的な保全施策の具体的なあり方について提起している。

第8章は、これまでの論述をもとに結論を論じている。とりわけ住民運動や都心空洞化といった問題とも重なる統合的な都市保全施策を立案することが必要である点を指摘し、産業遺産の保全活用問題はそうしたより広い政策課題の中で考察されるべきであると結論づけている。

以上、本論文は、韓国における開港都市の産業遺産の問題を初めて総合的に論じているのみならず、今後の産業遺産保全において、都市における労働問題や居住問題など、より総合的な都市問題を含む全体の課題群に対する施策の一翼を担うものとして立案されるべきであるということを実証的に明らかにしている点で有用である。今後の韓国の開港都市保全施策のみならず、ひろく東アジア都市の産業遺産保全政策立案に資する論文として高く評価することができる。

よって本論文は博士(工学)の学位申請論文として合格と認められる。